Measuring Trends in the Socioeconomic Burden of Disease in Korea, 2007-2015.

This study estimated the direct and indirect socioeconomic costs of 238 diseases and 22 injuries from a social perspective in Korea from 2007 to 2015. The socioeconomic cost of each disease group was calculated based on the Korean Standard Disease Classification System. Direct costs were estimated using health insurance claims data provided by the National Health Insurance Service. The numbers of outpatients and inpatients with the main diagnostic codes for each disease were selected as a proxy indicator for estimating patients' medical use behavior by disease. The economic burden of disease from 2007 to 2015 showed an approximately 20% increase in total costs. From 2007 to 2015, communicable diseases (including infectious, maternal, pediatric, and nutritional diseases) accounted for 8.9-12.2% of the socioeconomic burden, while non-infectious diseases accounted for 65.7-70.7% and injuries accounted for 19.1-22.8%. The top 5 diseases in terms of the socioeconomic burden were self-harm (which took the top spot for 8 years), followed by cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, ischemic heart disease, and upper respiratory infections in 2007. Since 2010, the economic burden of conditions such as low back pain, falls, and acute bronchitis has been included in this ranking. This study expanded the scope of calculating the burden of disease at the national level by calculating the burden of disease in Koreans by gender and disease. These findings can be used as indicators of health equality and as useful data for establishing community-centered (or customized) health promotion policies, projects, and national health policy goals.

Adapted Physical Education: The Perspective of Asian Parents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the expectations from Adapted Physical Education services from the perspective of Asian parents (n = 8) who have children with disabilities. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, completed in the participants' preferred language. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's recipe for thematic analysis. Four themes emerged: (a) "overcoming" the disability in APE, (b) different perspectives on the importance of APE between mothers and fathers, (c) parents' concern over children being "disrespectful," and (d) communication issues. Since the culture in the United States is ethnically and socially more diversified, the significance and relevance of the results for effective, culturally sensitive APE provision is discussed. An increased understanding and involvement of Asian parents in terms of their children's APE program will result in more culturally sensitive, effective, and relevant APE experiences.

Safety and Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Uterine Fibroids and Adenomyosis.

The objective of this study was to assess the tolerability and efficacy of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (USgHIFU) ablation using a Haifu JC Focused Ultrasound Tumor Therapeutic System (operating transducer frequency: 0.8 MHz, 300-400 W/cm2) under real-time ultrasound guidance (2.5- to 5.0-MHz imaging probe) for uterine fibroids and adenomyosis in 1807 patients (928 with fibroids and 889 with adenomyosis). Volume change and clinical symptom improvement after treatment were evaluated based on symptom severity scores and health-related quality of life scores using the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life questionnaires. At 3, 6 and 12 mo after treatment, symptom severity scores and health-related quality of life scores and reductions in volumes of uterine adenomyosis and fibroids all revealed good effects. The complication rate was 4.6% (84/1807). With supportive care, all complications resolved without any permanent adverse effects. Thus, USgHIFU is an effective, non-invasive modality for treating uterine fibroids and adenomyosis with manageable complications.

Abdominal wall endometriosis treatment by ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation: a case report.

Abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) occurs in about 0.1% of people with endometriosis, and is often diagnosed postoperatively. Surgical resection is generally used to treat AWE. We successfully treated AWE with ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy (USgHIFU). A 37-year-old Korean female presented with a palpable subcutaneous nodule associated with cyclic pain and swelling during menstruation. She was recommended surgical excision three months ago. She had a history of laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis 4 years ago and was interested in less invasive methods of treatment. The 0.9 cm painful nodule was observed as a low-echoic shadow in transabdominal ultrasonography and as an iso-signal in T1 MRI images. USgHIFU treatment was performed under light sedation and completed when the hyperechoic area covered the entire lesion. HIFU treatment was effective without any postoperative complications such as blisters or skin burns. The lesion showed changes in hyper-intensity signal on T1 MRI images. Physical examination showed absence of pain or tenderness and three months later, the painful nodule shrunk, and the menstrual cyclic pain associated with the nodule disappeared. In conclusion, USgHIFU may represent an effective therapy for AWE.

The relationship between children's flourishing and being overweight.

This study examined the effect of children's flourishing on the pandemic of obesity from various aspects such as age, gender, race, family, school, and community. By using a subsample of the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health, the Flourishing scale analyses were performed with a total of 45,309 children. Childhood obesity was diagnosed by calculating the percentile of the body mass index. Hispanic Americans were more likely to be overweight (P<0.01). Nonoverweight children were more likely to participate in after-school activities, less likely to have sedentary behavior, more likely to miss school, to be more active, and had more of flourishing than their counterpart (P<0.01). Parent's marital and health status also positively affect children's obesity status (P<0.01). Social capital and neighbor amenities significantly affect children's weight status (P<0.01). A multifaceted understanding of the role of family, school, and community (with proving children's flourishing environment) in terms of how and what could contribute to children's obesity status is important in order to bring about positive impact.

Healthcare students interprofessional critical event/disaster response course.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous disasters confirm the need for critical event training in healthcare professions. However, no single discipline works in isolation and interprofessional learning is recognized as a necessary component. An interprofessional faculty group designed a learning curriculum crossing professional schools. DESIGN: Faculty members from four healthcare schools within the university (nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and medicine) developed an interdisciplinary course merging both published cross-cutting competencies for critical event response and interprofessional education competencies. SETTING: Students completed a discipline-specific online didactic course. Interdisciplinary groups then participated in a 4-hour synchronous experience. This live course featured high-fidelity medical simulations focused on resuscitation, as well as hands-on modules on decontamination and a mass casualty triage incorporating moulaged standardized patients in an active shooter scenario. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were senior students from allied health, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Precourse and postcourse assessments were conducted online to assess course impact on learning performance, leadership and team development, and course satisfaction. RESULTS: Students participated were 402. Precourse and postcourse evaluations showed improvement in team participation values, critical event knowledge, and 94 percent of participants reported learning useful skills. Qualitative responses evidenced positive response; most frequent recurring comments concerned value of interprofessional experiences in team communication and desire to incorporate this kind of education earlier in their curriculum. Students demonstrated improvement in both knowledge and attitudes in a critical event response course that includes interprofessional instruction and collaboration. Further study is required to demonstrate sustained improvement as well as benefit to clinical outcomes.

High-intensity focused ultrasound combined with hysteroscopic resection to treat retained placenta accreta.

We present a case of retained placenta accreta treated by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation followed by hysteroscopic resection. The patient was diagnosed as submucosal myoma based on ultrasonography in local clinic. Pathologic examination of several pieces of tumor mass from the hysteroscopic procedure revealed necrotic chorionic villi with calcification. HIFU was performed using an ultrasound-guided HIFU tumor therapeutic system. The ultrasound machine had been used for real-time monitoring of the HIFU procedure. After HIFU treatment, no additional vaginal bleeding or complications were observed. A hysteroscopic resection was performed to remove ablated placental tissue 7 days later. No abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge was seen after the procedure. The patient was stable postoperatively. We proposed HIFU and applied additional hysteroscopic resection for a safe and effective method for treating retained placenta accreta to prevent complications from the remaining placental tissue and to improve fertility options.

Measuring cardiac index with a focused cardiac ultrasound examination in the ED.

OBJECTIVES: Noninvasive technology may assist the emergency department (ED) physician in determining the hemodynamic status in critically ill patients. The objective of our study was to show that ED physicians can accurately measure cardiac index (CI) by performing a bedside focused cardiac ultrasound examination. METHODS: A convenience sample of adult subjects were prospectively enrolled. Cardiac index, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter, velocity time integral (VTI), stroke volume index, and heart rate were obtained by trained ED physicians and a certified cardiac sonographer. The primary outcome was percent of optimal LVOT diameter and VTI measurements as verified by an expert cardiologist. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled, with obtainable CI measurements in 97 patients. Cardiac index, LVOT diameter, VTI, stroke volume index, and heart rate measurements by ED physician were 2.42 ± 0.70 L min(-1) m(-2), 2.07 ± 0.22 cm, 18.30 ± 3.71 cm, 32.34 ± 7.92 mL beat(-1) m(-2), and 75.32 ± 13.45 beats/min, respectively. Measurements of LVOT diameter by ED physicians and sonographer were optimal in 90.0% (95% confidence interval, 82.6%-94.5) and 91.3% (73.2%-97.6%) of patients, respectively. Optimal VTI measurements were obtained in 78.4% (69.2%-85.4%) and 78.3% (58.1%-90.3%) of patients, respectively. In 23 patients, the correlation (r) for CI between ED physician and sonographer was 0.82 (0.60-0.92), with bias and limits of agreement of -0.11 (-1.06 to 0.83) L min(-1) m(-2) and percent difference of 12.4% ± 10.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department ED physicians can accurately measure CI using standard bedside ultrasound. A focused ultrasound cardiac examination to derive CI has potential use in the management of critical ill patients in the ED.

Student perception of high fidelity medical simulation for an international trauma life support course.

BACKGROUND: High fidelity medical simulators (HFMS) are accepted tools for health care instruction. The use of HFMS was incorporated into an International Trauma Life Support course, and course participants were surveyed regarding attitudes toward HFMS. METHODS: Course participants, including physicians, nurses, and prehospital personnel, were given pre- and post-course questionnaires measuring their confidence in knowledge and treatment of trauma resuscitation, as well as their attitudes towards the utility and realism of immersive simulation. The participants were randomly assigned to take a course examination either before or after their simulator session. RESULTS: Thirteen course participants of varying backgrounds and degrees of clinical experience were surveyed and tested. All surveyed areas improved following simulator training, including comfort level with simulation as a training method (17%), perception of the realism of HFMS (15%), and reported self-confidence in knowledge, experience and training in trauma care (27%). Test scores were improved in the post-simulation group as opposed to the pre-simulation group (86% pass rate in the post-simulation test group versus 50% pass rate in the pre-simulation test group). CONCLUSIONS: High fidelity medical simulation was accepted by medical professionals of different backgrounds and experience. Attitudes towards simulation and self-confidence improved after simulator sessions, as did test scores, suggesting improved comprehension and retention of course materials. Further testing is required to validate the findings of this small, observational study.

Outcomes and prognostic factors of cervical cancer after concurrent chemoradiation.

AIM: Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes and the prognostic factors for cervical cancer after CCRT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 174 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB1-IVA who were treated at three affiliated hospitals of the Catholic University of Korea between January 1999 and December 2008 were reviewed and analyzed. Patients received pelvic radiotherapy with one of three regimens of cisplatin-based chemotherapy concurrently and high-dose rate brachytherapy. The radiation field was extended to include para-aortic lymph nodes, if necessary. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 29.5 months (range, 5-96 months). Using multivariate analysis, stage (P = 0.014), tumor size (P = 0.043), and clinical response (P = 0.001) had a significant effect on overall survival. Similarly, progression-free survival (PFS) was influenced by stage (P = 0.004), tumor size (P = 0.02), clinical response (P = 0.011), and normalized squamous cell carcinoma antigen level after CCRT (P = 0.007). The 5-year survival rates were 91.7% (standard error, 5.8%) for stages IB1-IIA, 71.5% (standard error, 7.8%) for stage IIB, 44.9% (standard error, 7.8%) for stage III, and 20.9% (standard error, 12.0%) for stage IVA. A total of 151 out of 174 patients (86.8%) completed the planned treatment. Toxicities were manageable with supportive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cisplatin-based CCRT is well-tolerated. Good clinical response revealed a favorable correlation to survival. A maximal effort to achieve this goal might prolong survival in patients with cervical cancer.

Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis after hysterectomy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL) is a rare disease characterized by multiple benign leiomyomas arising in the pelvic and abdominal cavities in women. DPL is observed particularly in reproductive age groups and often mimics carcinomatosis grossly, but with benign histology and a favorable prognosis. The possible causes could be divided into hormonal, subperitoneal mesenchymal stem cells, metaplasia, genetic or iatrogenic after morcellation of myoma during laparoscopic surgery. Management includes surgery followed by adjuvant hormonal therapy, systemic chemotherapy or aromatase inhibitor treatment in cases of nonresectable disease. CASE: We report a case of DPL occurring after 2 previous operations including myomectomy and hysterectomy. After the DPL operation, the patient was treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for 6 months. One year after surgery, image analysis showed no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: This rare condition must be considered even when a patient presents with abdominal masses after myomectomy followed by hysterectomy.

Brain metastasis from uterine cervical cancer.

Uterine cervical cancer usually spreads by local extension and through the rich lymphatic network to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. However, brain metastasis from primary cervical cancer is extremely rare. They are usually seen late in the clinical course and have poor prognosis. We present a 48-year-old woman with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix who developed multiple brain metastases after 30-month treatment of the primary disease. The patient received whole brain radiation therapy and steroids, and she is alive without any neurologic symptoms and signs at the 6-month follow-up after treatment of the recurrence.

Single-port laparoscopic myomectomy using a new single-port transumbilical morcellation system: initial clinical study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of single-port laparoscopic myomectomy with transumbilical morcellation and suturing. DESIGN: Continuing prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Fifteen patients who underwent single-port laparoscopic myomectomy between September 2008 and October 2009 to remove single or multiple uterine myomas, at least 1 in each patient measuring greater than 4 cm in diameter. INTERVENTIONS: All single-port laparoscopic myomectomy procedures were performed by a single surgeon (Dr. Y.W. Kim). Myomas were extracted transumbilically by cutting the myomas into smaller pieces with a knife or a conventional electromechanical morcellator. After making a single 1.5- to 2.0-cm umbilical incision, the single-port system, created with a wound retractor and a surgical glove, was inserted. All operations were performed using conventional rigid straight laparoscopic instruments. Laparoscopic suturing was performed in intramural myomas and some subserosal myomas. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient mean (SD; range) age was 38.3 (5.6; 29-49) years. The number of myomas per patient was 1.6 (1.4; 1-6). The diameter of the largest myomas was 6.1 (1.5; 4.2-9.6) cm. In 4 patients, only a knife was required for transumbilical extraction of myomas, and in 11 patients, transumbilical morcellation with an electromechanical morcellator with or without a knife was used. Transumbilical drainage tubes were inserted into the pelvic cavity in 11 of 15 patients. Operative time was 96.7 (33.8; 35-150) minutes. The decrease in postoperative hemoglobin concentration was 1.8 (1.2; 0.4-3.6) g/dL. During the operations, no patients required blood transfusion. No patients developed postoperative fever. Neither bowel injury nor urinary tract injury occurred in any patient. The postoperative hospital stay was 3.1 (0.8; 2-4) days. CONCLUSION: Single-port transumbilical morcellation using a conventional electromechanical morcellator with or without a knife is feasible. Single-port laparoscopic myomectomy is an alternative method with cosmetic advantage.

Thoracic aortic dissection in an 18-year-old woman with no risk factors.

Spontaneous aortic dissection is a rare, life-threatening cause of chest pain, and has a higher prevalence when traditional risks such as age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or connective tissue disorders are present. However, even in the absence of risk factors, non-traumatic rupture of an aortic dissection may occur. Most are found in patients over 40 years of age. Younger victims of this disease often also suffer from other conditions such as cystic medial necrosis, connective tissue disorders such as Marfan's syndrome, or vasculitis. We present the case of an 18-year-old, previously healthy woman who was country line dancing when she began to complain of severe, cramping chest and back pain. She was hemodynamically stable on initial presentation but experienced two seizures while in the emergency department and was intubated. Subsequently, her blood pressure dropped and she developed cardiac arrest, and despite vigorous resuscitation that included blood products and emergency department thoracotomy, she was refractory to all attempts. At autopsy she was found to have a spontaneous, non-traumatic rupture of an aortic dissection. This patient had no discernable risk factors for aortic dissection or discoverable cause on necropsy. We present this case to raise awareness among physicians and review other reported cases in the literature of aortic dissection in patients under age 40 years.

Urethral prolapse in a premenarchal Asian girl.

BACKGROUND: Urethral prolapse is an uncommon condition characterized by complete circular eversion of the urethral mucosa through the external meatus. CASE: We present the case of a 9-year-old Asian girl who presented with 3 days of vaginal spotting and a painless vulvar mass. After several unsuccessful attempts of manual reduction, surgery was performed. As a result, the patient had no recurrence or meatal stenosis at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Urethral prolapse can be clinically diagnosed without laboratory or radiographic evaluation by demonstrating edematous tissue that surrounds the meatus circumferentially. It should not be confused with other causes of vaginal bleeding, including sexual abuse.

Massive peritoneal fluid and markedly elevated serum CA125 and CA19-9 levels associated with an ovarian endometrioma.

Endometriosis associated with ascites is an uncommon condition, but nevertheless important because it mimics the presentation of ovarian malignancy. We present the case of a 34-year-old woman who was admitted with the acute onset of abdominal pain and distension. A pelvic sonogram showed a large amount of peritoneal fluid with echogenic material and a 10-cm complex cystic structure, which appeared to be an enlarged left ovary. The concentrations of CA125 and CA19-9 were 548.1 and 7604 IU/mL, respectively. On the second day of admission, an exploratory laparoscopy was performed, which revealed a ruptured left ovarian cyst consistent with an endometrioma. A laparoscopic left adnexectomy was therefore performed. The histological examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of an endometrioma. After a 12-month follow-up period, the patient showed no recurrence of the endometrioma or peritoneal fluid accumulation. In most instances, the presence of massive ascites is associated with malignancies, tuberculosis, or a perforated viscus. The information provided in the present report is important to both gynecologists and oncologists because it shows that an ovarian cyst with ascites and highly elevated CA125 and CA19-9 levels might be benign.

HCCR-1, a novel oncogene, encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein and suppresses the UVC-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: The Human cervical cancer oncogene (HCCR-1) has been isolated as a human oncoprotein, and has shown strong tumorigenic features. Its potential role in tumorigenesis may result from a negative regulation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. RESULTS: To investigate the biological function of HCCR-1 in the cell, we predicted biological features using bioinformatic tools, and have identified a LETM1 homologous domain at position 75 to 346 of HCCR-1. This domain contains proteins identified from diverse species predicted to be mitochondrial proteins. Fluorescence microscopy and fractionation experiments showed that HCCR-1 is located in mitochondria in the COS-7, MCF-7 and HEK/293 cell lines, and subcompartamentally at the outer membrane in the HEK/293 cell line. The topological structure was revealed as the NH2-terminus of HCCR-1 oriented toward the cytoplasm. We also observed that the D1-2 region, at position 1 to 110 of HCCR-1, was required and sufficient for posttranslational mitochondrial import. The function of HCCR-1 on mitochondrial membrane is to retard the intrinsic apoptosis induced by UVC and staurosporine, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our experiments show the biological features of HCCR-1 in the cell, and suggest that uncontrolled expression of HCCR-1 may cause mitochondrial dysfunction that can result in resisting the UVC or staurosporine-induced apoptosis and progressing in the tumor formation.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates the HCCR-1 oncogene expression.

The human cervical cancer oncogene HCCR-1 is overexpressed in various human cancers, and might function as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. To determine the regulatory pathway involved in the HCCR-1 gene expression, we searched the 5' flanking region of HCCR-1 and identified HCCR-1 promoter including putative homeodomain protein binding sites. The level of HCCR-1 expression was increased during the mouse embryogenesis. Expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in NIH/3T3 cells activated the HCCR-1 promoter. This promoter was also activated by wild type Akt but not by dominant negative Akt in K562 cells. In addition, the level of HCCR-1 was decreased by PI3K inhibitor, LY-294002, in a dose dependent manner. Northern blot analysis revealed that the HCCR-1 gene expression was down-regulated by LY-294002. These results suggest that the HCCR-1 oncogene expression was regulated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.